Indigenous Knowledge Amd Essay

Pedagogy in First Nations Education A Literature Review with Recommendations. ’’ Marie Battiste, director of the Apamuwek Institute, in partnership with the Canadian Government has made a research conducting a literature review on indigenous knowledge. The author writes about the challenges that such a research implies. For example, the record of educational knowledge for indigenous people is not necessarily done through books as with the European knowledge system. Throughout the years, the rights of indigenous knowledge in the educational system under the constitutional Act of 1982 section 35 and 52 (p. 13) was not always respected. Her goal s to ensure that the right information about indigenous knowledge is integrated into classrooms. To achieve it, Battiste proposes three approaches. The first one would be to clarify insights into the tensions between Indigenous people and European ways of knowing. The second approach is on innovating program to help understand the challenges of Native People. The third part is based on the Author’s research and the Ministry recommendations in improving First Nations education. Marie Battiste suggests to focus on ‘’ Similarities between the two systems of knowledge ather than on their differences’’ as a start to introduce educational reform. (p. 11). Reference: Battiste. M. (2002) Indigenous Knowledge and Pedagogy in First Nations Education

Improve own performance in a business environment Essay

1.1 Explain the purpose and benefits of continuously improving performance at work Everyone should strive to improve their performance. Organisations also strive to improve the performance of the whole of their workforce. As an individual, the purpose of continuously improving our performance at work is to make ourselves a more valuable employee who is more efficient and reliable. As a consequence of our improved performance, the organisation will also be more efficient and effective. We can achieve improvements in our performance by considering everything which we do to be a process of continuous development. Every time we carry out a new task we will be learning new skills and developing our flexible approach to work. As we work we will also be updating our existing skills, allowing us to progress and become more confident. Having and experienced member of staff review our work can be very useful as they will be able to tell us about any mistakes we are making and point us in the right direction in terms of making our job easier and more efficient. These reviews can look at our general work during an appraisal or ongoing work as and when the opportunity arises. Self-assessment does not mean that we have to be critical of ourselves. Neither does it mean that we should praise ourselves as to the efficiency or quality of our work. It means trying to step away from ourselves and look at what we are doing. Even if we only take time at the end of the working week to reflect on how our week has gone, this is a step in the right direction to making a self-assessment of how we have worked. 1.2 Explain the purpose and benefits of encouraging and accepting feedback from others Feedback is responses which we receive from other people in reaction to our work or our performance. Much feedback is informal. – It may simply be a thank you for the work which we have done. We should be prepared, however, to receive both positive and negative feedback, as  sometimes the work which we have done will not be of sufficient quality, or the person will not think that we can be relied on in the future. The key purpose of encouraging and accepting feedback from others is to provide us with opportunities to improve areas of our work. By encouraging feedback, more experienced employees can help us come up with solutions to many of the common supported by suggestions on how to improve. Many businesses have formal feedback, usually in the form of an appraisal system. Appraisals are reviews of progress and look at our abilities. Appraisals are opportunities for us and our supervisors to set targets and plans to improve our performance. These appraisals will allow us to talk about our job, what we plan to do in the future and whether we would benefit from additional training. Appraisals are confidential and aim to be positive. We should use these formal feedback sessions as they may be one of the few chances we have to talk about our work, uninterrupted, with our immediate superior. 1.3 Explain how learning and development can improve own work, benefit organisations, and identify career options Training is normally a part of the appraisal system, but there may be regular training opportunities which are advertised within the business. If we feel that these training programmes would be of value to us, our team and the business, there is no reason why we should not enquire as to whether we could get involved. The benefits of learning and development are not only for the individual but also for the organisation itself. One good example is that training and development, whether it is formal education or learning on the job, means individuals are ready to take over key job roles. Many businesses and organisation lose staff on a regular basis; they either move on to another business or organisation or they may retire. Each time a member of staff who has worked for the organisation for some time leaves,  key expertise is also lost. Encouraging learning and development for all staff enables a business to identify successors for key posts. It helps them to plan their career paths and make sure that the business continues to run in an efficient way, even if an expert member of staff has left. There are plenty of ways in which learning and development can go on as a regular part of the working week. In some cases businesses or organisation will encourage staff to attend external training courses, giving us time off in order to do this. They will also encourage staff to continue the education, perhaps in the evening. However, many businesses and organisations have developed comprehensive training programmes that are carried out in-house. It is not always possible to identify a clear set of career options when we first join a new business or organisation. Career options will depend on not only our abilities and willingness to learn and develop but also the way in which the organisation works. Some organisations retain their staff for a very long period of time, which restricts career options for those who have not been there as long. Other businesses and organisations are not growing fast enough, so opportunities are limited. This may mean that some employees will have to look for career options elsewhere, or perhaps switch the type of work that type are doing for something that offers a better opportunity. The main point of learning and developing is not only that the individual can improve their standards of work but also that the organisation benefits because it becomes more efficient and effective. 1.4 Describe possible career progression routes & 1.5 Describe possible development opportunities Administration itself has a clear career path, even though this may mean having to change employers in order to reach the next stage. The broad career progression is: -trainee administrative assistant or administrative assistant- providing basic administrative support, working under supervision and probably as a member of a team -trainee administrative officer or administrative officer- someone who provides administrative support and  generates and implements procedures -administrative team supervisor or office supervisor- someone who allocates tasks to team members and generally organises and monitors day-to-day administrative support -personal assistant- an individual who provides day-to-day administrative support for senior individuals in the business or organisation -administrative section manager- someone who develops and implements procedures to meet the business’s or organisation’s needs. They plan, control and evaluate day-to-day administrative support Company secretary or senior administrative manager- someone who ensure that the organisation or business complies with legal requirements. We can review our own performance or ask others to review our performance and appraise the way in which we can currently carry out work. We can also set ourselves targets so that we can gradually improve our overall skills: -professional -information handling -interpersonal -self-application Career development is all about recognising and seizing on opportunities that could increase our employability, general level of education, experience and skills. Opportunities arise at different times, both before we enter work and while we are in work. We should be looking for opportunities that will give us a chance to gain training, experience or qualifications whenever we can. Typical types of career development include: -induction-this is the initial period, just after we have started working for a business. The induction programme will tell us about the business, its procedures, policies and rules. It will explain to us how we are suppose to work and what the business expects of us. -training needs-a good employer will carry out what is known as training needs analysis, both on its new employees and on a yearly basis with its existing employees. The business will use our job specification, person specification and current abilities  to help identify gaps between what we can do and what we are expected to do. The process should reveal any training that we require in order to get us up to scratch or to improve the way in which we carry out our job. -development plans-in many ways these are similar to training needs analysis, but they usually take a slightly less formal approach. The idea is to identify our longer-term career plans and to match any training or qualifications that may be of assistanc e to us. These are normally carried out on an annual basis and have agreed targets. -performance targets- these are minimum levels of work or output that we will be required to complete by our employer. Performance targets are difficult to set for some individual workers, so a departmental or section target may be set. These will require us to complete work by specified deadlines and very much depend on the type of work involved. -certificated training- this is training that we may be offered, which leads to recognised qualifications, such as an NVQ. These types of training are extremely useful for personal development as they allow us to demonstrate our ability to work at a particular level -uncertified training-these are normally in-house training programmes, designs specifically for the business, perhaps to update on policies and procedures. They are usually relevant only to the business in which we are working and may have no practical value if we switch jobs and move to another organisat ion. -personal development-there are a number of ways in which we can proceed with our personal development. Some may be formal and include, as we have seen, training need analysis, various types of training and development plans. Personal development is our own ideal improvement plan, which would have to be agreed with our employer -flexible working-this can simply be working add hours, but more specifically it is our willingness to work in different areas of the business. This leads to what is known as multi-skilling, which is a measure of our ability to adapt to different types of work and our willingness to learn new skills so that we be of greater use and value to our employer. We should seize chances to work in different areas of the business so we can get a better picture of what the business is all about and how particular tasks, carried out by different parts of the business, fit together -progression opportunities-these are the opportunities that will present themselves for us to be promoted and to gain a higher paid and more valued post at work. By gradually taking on training  and opportunities to work in different areas of the business we will have developed ourselves to such an extent that our employer recognises we should be rewarded for our efforts. As our skills and experience improve, progression opportunities will present themselves. With each step we will gain access to higher-level work and begin the process of improvement once again so that we can seize the next opportunity for progression. [681.2] Be able to improve own work performance using feedback 2.1 Encourage and accept feedback from other people  Feedback is responses which we receive from other people in reaction to our work or our performance. Much feedback is informal. – It may simply be a thank you for the work which we have done. We should be prepared, however, to receive both positive and negative feedback, as sometimes the work which we have done will not be of sufficient quality, or the person will not think that we can be relied on in the future. The key purpose of encouraging and accepting feedback from others is to provide us with opportunities to improve areas of our work. By encouraging feedback, more experienced employees can help us come up with solutions to many of the common supported by suggestions on how to improve. 2.2 Use feedback to agree way ti improve own performance in the workplace Many businesses have formal feedback, usually in the form of an appraisal system. Appraisals are reviews of progress and look at our abilities. Appraisals are opportunities for us and our supervisors to set targets and plans to improve our performance. These appraisals will allow us to talk about our job, what we plan to do in the future and whether we would benefit from additional training. Appraisals are confidential and aim to be positive. We should use these formal feedback sessions as they may be one of the few chances we have to talk about our work, uninterrupted, with our immediate superior. 2.3 Complete work tasks, using feedback give, to improve performance One of the difficulties in receiving feedback is ensuring that a suitable individual witnesses us carrying out the work. One of the ways of getting  around this problem is to identify opportunities in the near future when we will be undertaking different work tasks and it is convenient for our selected individuals to observe us doing this. We should try to organise this before we carry out the first two parts of the learning outcome. [681.3]Be able to agree own development needs using a learning plan 3.1 Investigate and agree where a further learning and development may improve own work performance Most businesses and organisations have a human resources department. Within there will be individuals who are aware of formal and informal learning and development opportunities. There is a wide range of ways in which we could make use of their expertise and take their advice. We need to remember that not all learning and development needs to lead to a certificate. In fact, some of the best learning and development goes on in a very informal way within the workplace environment. We can easily learn and develop by simply watching or shadowing an experienced member of staff. We can use learn their techniques and their ways of dealing with situations. We can use their years of experience in having carried out a similar role to our own- they will know all the best ways to make sure that the task is carried out to a high standard and within deadlines. Many businesses and organisations will also use their human resources department to design specific training programmes. A key part of the human resources department’s job is to look at training needs. They will examine appraisals or performance reviews in order to identify areas where additional training is needed. They can then organise specific training to cover those areas or gaps in what we are expected to do compared with what we can do at present. 3.2 Confirm learning plan changes A learning plan is a simple document where we can set personal targets and record our achievements. Our plan needs to: -cover what we have already done or achieved-this records all important learning that we have already carried out -identify what we would like to learn, or achieve, in the future-this means identifying our goals -identify our targets-what we will have to do on the way to getting where we want to be -identify who can help-what support  and guidance do we need? -have a clear action plan-what do we need to learn? What is the purpose of learning it? How will we know when we have done it? The key part is also to keep our plan updated. We need to go through our plan on a regular basis and see whether we can add anything. 3.3 Follow a learning plan The first stages of following a learning plan should be relatively straightforward. However, we can use our learning plan in a number of ways from the outset: -we can use it to identify work that we can carry out which can then be observed to provide evidence -we can identify areas that we are going to struggle to find evidence for and work towards creating that evidence or the opportunity to produce that evidence -we should also use the learning plan as our next logical step -we need to make sure that as we complete each learning outcome, assessment criterion, unit, we update our learning plan and check it to see whether there is evidence already generated that can be used elsewhere. 3.4 Review progress against learning plan and agree further learning updates, if required. A learning plan is a live document. It is specific to us and it should incorporate our long-term goals. The learning plan is a written version of our career aspirations. It shows where we want to be in the future, where we are now and the steps that we have to take in order to get to our destination. We should review our progress on a regular basis. Some people in full- or part-time employment will discover that a learning plan is in fact part of a learning agreement with their employer because it: -identifies the learning outcomes or objectives that we wish to achieve -identifies the strategies to meet the objectives or outcomes -identifies the evidence we will need to produce to show that we have achieved. By reviewing our learning plan we will be able to make the best use of the learning we of. It will focus our learning where it is most needed. It will help us identify the opportunities for learning and it will also prepare us for appraisals and performance reviews.

Article of Capital Budgeting Survey Essay

This research is motivated by two major factors: (1) the  over twenty year hiatus since the last thorough review ofthe capital budgeting survey literature, and (2) past appeals to the finance academic community by researchers to explore  neglected areas ofthe capital budgeting process. In response, and using a four-stage capital budgeting process as a guide, the authors review the capital budgeting survey literature  from 1984 through 2008 and find that some ofthe neglected  areas have infact been directly addressed. Unfortunately, the most prevalent focus of capital budgeting surveys continues  to be that ofthe selection stage. As a result, many areas ofthe capital budgeting process still remain relatively unexplored, providing numerous survey research opportunities. This research effort is motivated by two tnajor factors: 1)  the twenty year hiatus since the last thorough review of the capital budgeting survey literature, and 2) past observations and appeals made to the finance academic community by  fellow researchers to explore neglected areas of the capital budgeting process through more focused and directed survey  research. Richard M. Burns is a Professor of Finance at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Joe Walker is an Associate Professor of Finance at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL. The authors wish to thank the Editor and the anonymous referee for their many helpful comments and suggestions. 78 The first factor stands on its own as justification for an update of the capital budgeting survey literature. The last comprehensive reviews were made by researchers Scott and Petty (1984) and Mukherjee (1987) over twenty years ago. Regarding the second factor, almost three decades ago, Kim (1979) noted that too much emphasis was being placed on methods of ranking and selecting capital budgeting proposals. Scott and Petty (1984) also noted the â€Å"†¦ disproportionate (unjustified) amount of time [spent] on a particular stage (financial analysis and project selection) †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Further, Gordon and Pinches (1984) generalized this complaint by arguing that â€Å"†¦the capital budgeting process must be viewed in its entirety.† Mukherjee (1987) agreed that â€Å"†¦ further survey efforts need to be devoted to understanding the entire process.† To address these two factors, the authors have provided a current review of the capital budgeting survey studies over the past twenty-four years. The results are reported in a four-stage capital budgeting framework that allows a more detailed and clear assessment of the appeals by past researchers. As a result, fertile areas for future applied research in the area of capital budgeting survey work are more easily identified and summarized. The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section I a four-stage capital budgeting process will be identified and used throughout the balance ofthe paper. It provides a useful framework to evaluate in more detail the most prominent capital budgeting survey literature reviews of the past, to highlight neglected areas of capital budgeting research, and to organize past appeals for future research in this area. In Section II this four-stage process will also be used to describe the procedures used in performing the capital budgeting 79 BURNS & WALKER – CAPITAL BUDGETING SURVEYS: THE FUTURE IS NOW survey literature update over the 1984-2008 period. Section  III will continue to use this framework to present the detailed findings while Section IV will provide an overall summary.  Finally, Section V will present conclusions, comments, and  insights for future survey research. I. Past Reviews and Appeals appears on an executive’s desk and all that is needed is for the manager to choose the project(s) with the highest expected payoff. However, as most managers quickly learn, this is not the case. Further, once projects are chosen, the evaluation  of an individual project’s subsequent performance  is usually either ignored or often inappropriately  handled.  Our contention is that the capitalbudgeting process must be viewed in its entirety,  and the informational needs to support effective  decisions must be built  into the firm’s decision  comprehensive reviews  support system. In the corporate finance  capital budgeting survey  literature  the  capital  The last budgeting process has been  were made by researchers Scott  described in terms of four The two most significant stages: 1) identification, attempts to assess the and Petty (1984) and Mukherjee 2) development,  3)  balance of research among  (1987) over twenty years ago.  selection, and 4) control.’  these four stages were those  The identification stage  of Scott and Petty (1984)  comprises the overall process of project idea generation and Mukherjee (1987), both of which occurred well over including sources and submission procedures and the twenty years ago.^ Scott and Petty provided a synthesis of earlier surveys of  incentives/reward system, if any. The development stage involves the initial screening process relying primarily large American firms and organized their analysis based on a upon cash flow estimation and early screening criteria. The three stage classification: 1) project definition and cash flow selection stage includes the detailed project analysis that estimation 2) financial analysis and project selection, and results in acceptance or rejection of the project for funding. 3) project implementation and review. Citing Gitman and Finally, the control stage involves the evaluation of project Forrester (1977), they noted that: †¦ project definition and cash flow estimation is performance for both control purposes and continuous considered the â€Å"most difficult† aspect ofthe capital improvement for future decisions. All four stages have budgeting process. The financial analysis and common areas of interest including personnel, procedures, project selection stage, which receives the most and methods involved, along with the rationale for each. attention in the literature, is considered the least All four stages are critical to the overall process, but difBcult ofthe three stages †¦Ã‚  the selection stage is arguably the most involved since it includes the choices of analytical methods/techniques used, Also covering surveys of large American corporations, how the cost of capital is determined, how adjustments for Mukherjee (1987) agreed that there had been too much projects risks are assessed and reflected, and how, if relevant, survey focus on the selection stage and not enough on the capital rationing affects project choice. The selection stage other stages as well as the overall capital budgeting process. has also been the most investigated by survey researchers, Paraphrasing that paper’s recommendations, it called for particularly in the area of selection techniques, resulting in more research into specific questions relevant for each stage. a relative neglect ofthe other stages. This in turn has led to For example, in stage 1, future surveyors were urged to appeals to future researchers to consider the other stages in investigate the reward systems, procedural aspects, and the their survey research efforts. As Gordon and Pinches (1984) organizational structure ofthe firm. In stage 2, more research note: was suggested on the topics of divisional vs. corporate Most of the literature on the subject of capital biases, strategic considerations, cash flow estimation budgeting has emphasized the selection phase, details, data details, cannibalization, risk, and inflation. giving little coverage to the other phases. Instead, Even within the more widely-studied Stage 3, neglected it is usually assumed that a set of well-defined capital investment opportunities, with all of the informational needs clearly specified, suddenly ^ o t e that these two reviews are only three years apart based on publication ‘See Gordon and Pinches (1984) and Mukherjee (1987). Scott and Petty (1984) use a similar 3-stage process. It is interesting to note, however, that an even earlier survey by Gitman and Forrester (1977) had used a 4-stage analysis. date, and that the latter does not cite the former, likely due to publication lags. As noted in the procedures section, this paper uses the Mukherjee format. Furthermore, the title of this paper derives from Mukherjee’s title. 80 areas were identified such as the rationale for the various methods used, how firms compute their cost of capital, the low rate of risk recognition, the associated low rates of risk adjustment and assessment sophistication, capital rationing (and the low usage of linear programming), and the details of authorization levels. Finally, with regard to Stage 4, more research was encouraged into the details of performance evaluation, how the company follows up on such evaluation, the details of expenditure control procedures, and the reward system for performance.’ How well these appeals have been answered with subsequent survey research is the primary focus of this paper. In the next section the authors describe the procedures employed to assess the effectiveness of these appeals made over twenty years ago. II. Procedures Consistent with the reviews by Scott and Petty (1984) and Mukherjee (1987), the following criteria were used to choose capital budgeting survey articles for inclusion in this review: the surveys had to involve large US firms, they had to be broad-based (not focused on one particular industry), and they had to be published in mainline academic journals post-1984. Using these criteria resulted in the selection of the nineteen capital budgeting surveys included in Figure 1.† The Figure provides, in chronological order, the survey year (which in all cases differs from the publication year), authors, research method, usable responses and the audience surveyed. Each of these 19 survey articles was then thoroughly examined in an effort to identify the stages and areas within each stage that the survey covered. The results of this process are reported in Figure 2 and consistent with Mukherjee’s (1987) chronological ordering in a tabular form indicating areas of investigation within the four stages ofthe ‘These more specific questions are largely paraphrased from Mukherjee (1987) and are not fully exhaustive. The interested reader is, of course, encouraged to read this very thorough article in its entirety. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢The initial search using Proquest (ABI Inform) specifying â€Å"capital budgeting surveys† in scholarly journals after January 1, 1984, yielded over two hundred results. However, the great majority were published in the non-mainline journals, including many strictly practitioner (trade journal) outlets and /or were focused on a particular country or industry and thus eliminated by the screening criteria. To insure against missing articles due to any limitations ofthe ABl database, the authors checked the references ofthe surviving articles, and in addition, conducted a manual search ofthe most cited finance journals tables of contents and the reference sections of the various survey articles found. JOURNAL OF APPLIED FINANCE – ISSUES 1 & 2, 2009 capital budgeting process.’ It should be noted that the Figures herein were slightly altered from Mukherjee’s original format to better focus on selected issues that were identified specifically as areas of neglect. For example, the category of â€Å"techniques† was divided into â€Å"techniques used† and â€Å"reasons for techniques used†. Similarly, the risk category was divided into â€Å"risk recognition†, â€Å"risk assessment†, and â€Å"risk adjustment†. III. Findings by Stage A quick perusal of Figure 2 reveals an obvious concentration of â€Å"checks† in Stage 3 (selection) similar to the previous findings of Mukherjee. Although a careful look at some of the stage categories individually indicates that several neglected areas have been researched over the period, there is still an obvious and relative lack of research into Stages 1, 2, and 4. To further assess the effectiveness ofthe research appeals, the analysis and reported results in this section will be ordered by the four stages.   Summary comments are provided only  on those surveys which provide a significant contribution to a previously neglected area of capital budgeting survey research. As a result, the findings of Bierman ( 1993), Gilbert and Reichert (1995), Payne, Heath, and Gale (1999), and Ryan and Ryan (2002) are not summarized. A. Stage 1 : Identification Suggested areas of study within this stage include how project proposals are initiated, whether the proposal process is on-going or on an â€Å"only-when-needed† basis, at what level projects are generated, whether there is a formal process for submitting ideas, how that process works when present, and if there is an incentive system for rewarding good ideas.* Unfortunately, there has never been an in-depth survey focused on this stage, leaving no question that it remains strongly neglected. The only contribution of a minor nature to this topic is the incidental finding by Stanley and Block (1984). They found that in over 80% of the responding firms that capital budgeting proposals originated bottom up ‘In the 1987 article, note that on Figure 4, the stages are described somewhat differently from the discussion in the paper itself Specifically, in the body of the paper, the four stages are: (1) identification, (2) development, (3) selection, and (4) the post-audit. But in the table, the 4 stages are idea generation, proposal development, selection of projects, and control or performance evaluation. ‘As in footnote 3, the following suggested areas of study for all four stages are largely paraphrased from Mukherjee (1987).. 81 BURNS & WALKER – CAPITAL BUDGETING SURVEYS: THE FUTURE IS NOW Figure 1. Surveys of Capital Budgeting of Large US Firms Surveyed Year(s) Survey Author(s) Method Number of Usable Responses 1982 Stanley & Block (1984) questionnaire 121 1986 Pruitt & Gitman (1987) questionnaire 121 1986 Pohlman, Santiago, & Markel(1988) questionnaire 232 1988 Gordon & Myers (1991) 1988 1992 1990 1991 1992 Myers, Gordon, & Hamer(1991) Bierman (1993) Porterba & Summers (1995) Gilbert & Reichert (1995) Trahan & Gitman (1995) Sample CFO’s of Fortune 1000 multinationals VP Finance or Treasurer of largest industrials in Fortune 500 CFO’s of Fortune 500 questionnaire 282 questionnaire 282 questionnaire 74 Executives and capital budgeting directors of large US industrials except utilities and transportation Large public firms from FASB Data Bank 100 largest of Fortune 500 questionnaire 160-228 CEO’s of Fortune 1000 questionnaire 151 Fortune Magazine Directory CFO’s questionnaire 84 CFO’s of Fortune 500 + Forbes 200 Managers of foreign manufacturing subsidiaries of US industrials 1992 Shao & Shao (1996) questionnaire 188 1992 Burns & Walker (1997) questionnaire 180 Fortune 500 7,27,10 7 best-sellling texts, 27 prestigious CFO’s, 10 leading financial advisors 1996-97 Bruneretal(1998) telephone survey 1992-93 Mukherjee & Hingorani(1999) questionnaire 102 Fortune 500 CFO’s 1994 Payne, Heath, & Gale (1999) questionnaire 155 USA and Canadian based companies from S&P Compustat database questionnaire 111 CFO’s from Fortune 1000 questionnaire 392 CFO’s from FEI corporations interviews 39 executives of large companies questionnaire 205 CFO’s of Fortune 1000 questionnaire 40 top-ranking officers of Fortune 1000 1997 1999 1999 1999 2005 Gitman & Vandenberg (2000) Graham & Harvey (2001) Triantis & Borison (2001) Ryan & Ryan (2002) Block (2007) z †¢^ II O) (2002) ueAy â€Å"? uBAy o (0 O) †¢a (0 a> i2 i2 o u. a> †¢o (0 (O O) I O) †¢o 3 OQ a re U 3 D) < ‘O6B!)UB9 ‘UBLU|L|Od S (8861.) |S>tJeiM (Z86l.)ueaJi!O’SH!n.id (W6l)>|00ia’8’^8|UBis |L Idea Generation |A. Source of Origination |B. Reasons for Idea Origination |C. Process of Origination & Submission |D. Time Pattern of Origination 1II. ProposalDevelopment |A. Level at Which screening Takes Place |B. Screening Process  ¡C. Cashflow Estimates (and forecasting) |D. Responsibility for Budget Preparation (personnel) |lll. Selection of Projects |A. Classification of Projects for Economic Analysis B. Personnel (Department) Responsible for Analysis C1. Listing Techniques Used |C2. Reasons for Techniques Used Dl. Risk recognition D2. Risk assessment D3. Risk adjustment El. Capital Rationing: How Extensive? E2. Capital Rationing Rationale E3. Capital Rationing Methods Used F. Cost of Capital G. Project Approval |IV. Control (or Perfonnance Evaluation) A. Extent of Use of Post Audit B. Personnel Involved/Procedure C. Performance Measurement D. Use of Evaluation (Punishment/Reward/Etc.) 1* Surveys in this exhibit appear in chronological order of their publication. 82 JOURNAL OF APPLIED FINANCE – ISSUES 1 & 2, 2009 o o o o CM o ( ¿ooz) >iooia 6jaquapueA ‘S UBLUIJO (0002) (6660 9|B0 ‘S ‘MIB9H ‘auÄBd (666 O !UBJo6u!H ‘S aa[jaLj>|ni^ -?†¢ -y -7-?†¢ -y (1.002) uosuog pue suueui -?†¢ ~y (1.002)’^SWBH S lUBMBJO ~7-?†¢ -?†¢ -?†¢ -?†¢ -y -?†¢ (866l.)|Bà ­a.iaunjg -?†¢ CO t ^ -y ( ¿66l)J8>lieM’8SUjng (966l†¢)oeL^S’8OB^s -y (9661.) uBUjJio ‘S UBUBJi -y (S66l.)weM0!ay’s;jaqi!9 -y (9661-) sjauiujns ‘s eqjapod -?†¢ -y m ( £661.) ueuuaig -y -y â€Å"5 ‘a. n O (1-661-) jaoiBH ‘S ‘uopjoo ‘sjaA|/| ~y -y ~y -y (1.661.) sjaÄ|/l’8uopjoo -y ~y -y -y -?†¢ -?†¢ -y ~y -y -y to -y 00

Writing An Academic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Writing An Academic paper - Essay Example Magill v Magill is a recent legal case. Therefore, my research efforts would be targeted towards websites where I could read the case and the judgments that were tendered, as well as articles in law reviews dealing with the implications of the case. I would also refer to text books that contain materials on the general subject matter of the case, in this case paternity and tort. In the case of a book debt, I would first read financial websites and articles to gain an understanding of the subject and then look into legal websites to find articles dealing with the subject matter and my notes drawn from these sources would form the basis for my arguments and conclusions. I would first of all research Magill v Magill(2006) on Google. This would provide me with an idea about the case itself. The link http://www.canadiancrc.com/Magill/ Magill_High_Court_Media_release_09NOV06.htm provides me information which lets me know that the case of Magill is an Australian case which deals with paternity fraud and the tort of deceit. The CCH website deals primarily with business law while the LBC website has materials primarily on housing law, therefore I would not look into these websites, where it is unlikely that information on torts could be found. However the Australian legal website is likely to be a good source for specific information about the Magill case, as also the Lexis Nexis and/or Westlaw websites. On the Lexis Nexis Academic website, I go to the Legal link. The search terms I enter are â€Å"Magill v Magill† while the sources I specify would be the International Law Reviews combined. However, this search also pulls up several articles on another Magill case which concern intellectual property. So I refine my search by entering Magill v Magill within quotes, and requiring that the word â€Å"tort† be found in the documents retrieved, in order

Project Management - Forming the Project Team Research Paper

Project Management - Forming the Project Team - Research Paper Example Therefore, Royal Tires & More Inc. will need to create and fill the roles or positions of accountants who will handle the accounting duties as well as the payroll, inventory manager/ supervisor or a store manager, who will be in-charge of the company’s inventory, cashiers who will use the point of sales system. In addition, the implementation of the new system will require Royal Tires & More Inc. to have mechanics who will use the customer and vendor management system while transacting with the customer on a face-to-face basis. According to Barry and Jamie (2004), a well-qualified accountant should be a certified public accountant, whom must have undergone an accountancy course and passed, and therefore he or she is well conversant with all accounting duties that range from financial accounting, tax accounting, and even the preparation of the payroll. In the case of Royal Tires & More Inc., they will require accountants who have knowledge and experience in using accounting software such as Sage, QuickBooks, or Pastel, and even payroll software. The accountants should have at least a work experience of one to two years. The store managers who will be in-charge of the inventory should have a knowledge on store keeping or inventory management, secondly they should be conversant with the use of inventory management software such as NetSuite. In addition, the store managers should also have a one to two years experience (Kieso et al. 2007). Thirdly, there is no specific qualification for the cashiers and they may even be recruited from amongst the mechanics who are good in calculations and are fast learners. There will be no experience required for this role as it not complex and even using the point of sale system does not involve any complexity. Lastly, the mechanics should have qualifications in the field of mechanical engineering with at least one and a half years of experience. As for the use of the customer

Operations Management of Airbus Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management of Airbus Company - Essay Example The paper tells that Airbus is considering taking production approach similar to the ones applied by Boeing. For the company to take appropriate measure in this endeavor it need to consider the following factors. Cancellation of orders or running out of business by airline companies is the main causes of production of white tail jets. As an Airbus consultant, the researcher will begin by investigating the causes and nature of cancellation of orders or running out of business by airliners in a long-term perspective. Secondly, the researcher need to investigate market trends by analyzing possible demands in the long-term. Finally, Airbus is facing competition from other competitors such as Boeing and McDonnell Douglas Company. The researcher would therefore investigate the implication of white tailed jet as a long-term competition strategy. These issues will require objectives that can be evaluated in order to determine their suitability of application in Airbus. Firstly, Airbus needs to determine the future demand resulting from the anticipated growth of the airline industry. The company also requires knowing the possibility of acquiring new customers from existing airliners and from possible new entrants. Thirdly, Airbus needs to evaluate possible competitive advantage that may result from the production of white tail jets. Finally, Airbus would require to measure the degree at which market trend is shifting from making of orders to buying of readymade aircrafts. Part 3; Operation management techniques Qualitative and quantitative techniques as applied in operational management will be useful in analyzing the stated important issues. Quantitative techniques are important technique in operation management since they enable operations managers to determine future anticipations in terms of quantity or numbers. This factor makes the technique to have wide application in forecasting of expected operation methods and procedures. The technique relies on data and model s and it would be appropriate for analyzing Airbus case. Unlike quantitative techniques, qualitative techniques are more subjective, this makes the technique fit perfectly in the given scenario. Qualitative techniques forecasts future prospect of a company based on answers to a series of question related to the management of a company (Slack, & Chambers, 2008). Using quantitative techniques it is possible to determine the time duration within which Airbus should continue producing white tailed aircrafts. Firstly, considering the rate at which airliners across the globe are grounding their planes from lack of business, Airbus is likely to have a continued production of white tailed jets. Although the move has some competitive advantage over its rival plane manufacture Boeing, the company needs to consider any long-term threats that may result from the move. Currently Boeing is involved in intensive management program to ensure that any delays and order cancellation do not turn out as a white tailed jet. Airbus need to evaluate possible risks that rival company is avoiding by taking the current moves. Boeing main customer Lufthansa has ground A300-600s and a similar move is likely to apply to A340-300 series. Other companies such as Quanta airlines are considering taking mergers and this will cause a reduction in the number of orders they make. This implies that the company is anticipating a sharp fall in the demand of aircrafts making it to take cautions in its manufacturing plans. Airbus also needs to determine the duration within which it should continue with production of white tail aircrafts considering the anticipated demands due to a shortfall in supply. Although airline companies are currently

Concept Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Concept Paper - Essay Example licies helped to increase economic growth and development in the United Kingdom after the financial crisis of 2009?† The paper identifies the government and the Bank of England as the main actors who create and implement austerity policies. The research identifies three case studies that will help the research in focusing on the unit of analysis and drawing relevant answers to the research questions. Units of analyses are critical factors that help researchers in making accurate and reliable conclusions. This means that units of analysis are the main drivers of research without which it is impossible to undertake a study successfully. The units may be human beings, companies, laws, or geographical regions. Human beings act as units of analyses when they are being studied individually or in groups. These elements are studied when researchers are interested in drawing conclusions about social factors such as behavior, attitudes, and performance in school. Organizations are similar to individuals when studied as units of analyses because they may be studied individually or in groups. Companies are used as units of analyses when studies aim at identifying their performances and behavior (Malici, & Smith, 2013). In this study, human beings and organizations are not critical units of analyses; because the research may not be able to study each one of them in seclusion. This is because the research may not be able to identify specific individuals and organizations in the UK. Geographical regions may also be used as units of analyses in research. These may be individual countries or groups of countries that have similar characteristics. Geographical region is an essential unit of analysis in this research because it aims at focusing only on the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a geographical area that consists of three countries. The countries in the region include England, Scotland, and Wales (CLES, 2014)s. The research will focus on the three countries in

Comparative Analysis of Antonio Del Pollaiyolo's Battle of the Nudes Essay

Comparative Analysis of Antonio Del Pollaiyolo's Battle of the Nudes and Francisco Goya's - Essay Example Experts are having difficulty in dating Antonio Del Pollaiyolo’s work on the basis of style because Pollaiyolo may have already used the style earlier and only changed a little during the course of his style1 . As an artist Pollaiyolo was considered ahead of his time and was said to be one of the first Italian artists to render the engraving of the human form2 in the same manner that Francisco Goya was also considered as one of the pioneers of modern painting3. The paintings of both Antonio Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes and Francisco Goya’s Third of May are also large at 42.4 x 60.9 centimeter and 268  ?  347  centimeter respectively. Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes â€Å"depicts five men wearing headbands and five men without, fighting in pairs with weapons in front of a dense background of vegetation4†. The characters in the engraving are posed in various athletic positions where they fiercely grimace and their muscle tones strongly emphasized. Rather than painted compared to Goya’s Third of May, Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes used return-stroke engraving that was employed in modeling the bodies to create a delicate and subtle effect5. Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes where ten sculpted men was fighting was inspired by Greek and Roman sculpture. Scholars opined that these engravings were not a depiction of a literary subject but rather was intended for artists to copy because Del Pollaiyolo’s was said to use model carvings himself before doing the engraved. Pollaiyolo’s work is artistically significant because it was credited to have been responsible of the seminal idea of Italian Renaissance’s modeling of the human form as an object of art. Del Pollaiyolo’s was also said to be one of the pioneers of Italian Renaissance engraving. Pollaiyolo’s engraving of the Battle of the Nude was even said to have been used as a model of German artists such as Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) and Jorg Breu (c. 1480-1573). The detailed engraving of the human form, its particularity of the anatomical structure and the explicitness of its expression has been credited to have been germinated by Pollaiyolo’s6. While Del Pollaiyolo’s work was rich in details, Goya’s The Third of May 1808 was intentionally painted with the face of the executioner to be anonymous to highlight the drama of innocent civilian that was about to be executed. In this particular work, the artistry was better rendered with the anonymity of the executioner7. What was highlighted instead was the atmosphere that contributes to the gore and brutality of the execution. The main subject which was a civilian with his arms spread like the Christ in crucifixion was set against the backdrop of the rising mountain and heavy blackness of the night to highlight the terror of the persecution8. He also emphasized fear in the painting by â€Å"trailing the line of unfor tunate captives into the distance, suggesting that this action will by repeated throughout the night9†. Unlike in Pollaiyolo’s The Battle of the Nudes where the features of the characters were detailed, Goya’s The Third of May painting was rendered with â€Å"broad and rough strokes of the brush [similar] to the mature work of the Great Spanish

Provide a report to describe how you would plan a survey for this Essay

Provide a report to describe how you would plan a survey for this purpose - Essay Example The first requirement is regarding sample population and the data collection procedure for obtaining required information (Rubin, 2008, p. 59). Access to the sample population of visitors can be in various tourist areas, shopping malls, and other visitor attractions. Therefore, one can conduct the survey at multiple locations where visitors are likely to be. Once researchers decide about sites of the survey, a sample population must be chosen and the number of visitors to be surveyed must be decided. For instance, approximately one hundred visitor opinions can be an adequate number of responses needed for the results of the survey for generalization. After this, surveyors can focus on parameters or controls for age, gender, marital status, number of children, and income. Hence, out of the 100 respondents surveyed, 50 can be female and 50 can be male. Then the research team should divide participants further into age brackets to ensure that results may indicate opinion of people belonging to different age brackets (Schaeffer et al, 2011, pp. 112-115). The data should be collected via a verbal survey in which visitors are stopped at the site of the survey and requested to answer a few quick questions. The interviewer should fill out the questionnaire him/herself and ask a limited number of questions, which should mostly be close-ended. It is important that the first few questions should relate to personal characteristics, such as age bracket, occupation, family size, and income. Subsequently, the questions should focus on the types of shops and the types of services people visit while staying in Canterbury City. It is important that the survey should ask information regarding spending of customers on different activities and products, and if possible, regarding total budget of the visit. An efficient way will be to include quick questions regarding personal interests along with types of

Deployment of Emergency Care Practitioners by UK Ambulance Services Essay

Deployment of Emergency Care Practitioners by UK Ambulance Services - Essay Example The emergency health care practitioners were to be given specific target to emergency 999 calls so that they can provide appropriate care in the community. To make sure that all the health care workers adapt to this plan in a positive manner, an advisory team comprising of nurses was formulated. This team participated in discussions concerning adoption of various processes. This programme was a transformational programme rather than a change programme. Moreover for evaluation purposes, data relating to calls reviewed by nurses was collected and analyzed. Surveys related to patient satisfaction were carried out. These were done by contacting patients through telephone and make them answer a questionnaire. It was looked upon that there is proper accuracy of documentation and that all the call meets the required minimum satisfaction criteria. Peer reflection was also used to identify learning outcomes and improvements required for achieving good standards. Good news stories as well as case study materials are used for demonstration, identification of areas meant for further development. The increasing role of an emergency care practioner has increased job opportunities also. For deployment of the emergency personnel in urgent situations the nurse advisors role was also introduced. This helps to respond in a more appropriate manner. Study conducted on this area has revealed that about 600 to 700 ambulance journeys are saved each month by providing the patient with more appropriate outcome with the sustained expansion of the referral pathways. Analysis of statistics gathered in 2005 showed that almost 74% of the patients seen by the emergency service providers did not require the services of an ambulance. 50% did not require hospital treatment. The East midlands ambulance services team have a wide diversified staff group comprising both male and female workers. The scheme followed by the group has enabled to reflect needs of communities, patients

Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reaction paper - Assignment Example ot just a racist but also a narrow-minded and petty individual, cannot accept the fact that her American family is just as successful as Boyd’s African American family. Leo Tolstoy’s The Three Hermits, on the other hand, is a story that strongly criticizes the power of religious institutions. It narrates the encounter of the Archbishop with the three strangely looking old men, or three hermits, living on a remote island. The Archbishop, who first heard the story of the three hermits from the helmsman, insists on sailing towards the location of the hermits to meet them. Finally, when they all meet the Archbishop endeavors to teach the three hermits a prayer, which the Archbishop believes to be a more powerful prayer than the simple prayer of the hermits. However, it appears that the three hermits are in fact more powerful than the Archbishop, or anybody else who recites the prayers taught by religious institutions, when the hermits are seen doing a miraculous deed—â€Å"running upon the sea as upon dry land.† The story of The Three Hermits implies that the direct relationship of people with God is even more powerful and superior than any religious dogma, and that people should not permit anyone including those institutions with authority to mitigate their moral

Marxism and Education Essay Example for Free

Marxism and Education Essay The Marxist perspective of education in society can be very questionable because Marxist theorists such as; Louis Althusser, Bowles and Gintis, David Reynolds and Willis all seem to disagree with one another. The first thing I will write about are the strengths. The strengths about the Marxist view are it points out how ideology is transmitted within school via the hidden curriculum, how education legitimises class inequality, it points out the inequalities of both opportunity and outcome on the system and it exposes the myth of meritocracy. From these points I can tell that it tries to believe that teachers are a kind of agent who are trying to wrong the children. Louis Althusser believed that education is an ideological apparatus designed to control children by brainwashing them. Applying this idea allows the hidden curriculum to transmit values which are not intentionally designed to happen. With class inequality it shows that schools are planting a job title on children which will link to their background. For example, a kid from the working class may get a job working at a car manufactures, while a kid from upper class may get a job as a lawyer. But, this really exposes the idea of meritocracy where if you do well at school you will get a good job as a reward. Now, I will write about the weaknesses. The weaknesses are that many working class children do succeed in the education system. It overemphasises class and ignores other structural inequalities: ethnicity and gender, post-modernists would argue that education reproduces diversity not inequality and Marxists cant seem to agree with each other at all. From these points I can tell that Marxists believe that working class children are a lot less smarter than upper class people but actually this isnt true because you dont need to be a higher class to be smarter than anyone else it takes the person to be determined to do it themselves. Also, the teacher could show a lot more favouritism to a specific gender in the class like girls or just as easily be based on the colour of their skin. So, you could be the smartest person in the class but you may be a black girl and I may not pick on you. Post-modernists on the other hand also argue that education reproduces diversity meaning people may not be picked on because of their disability etc. Finally, my last point is that none of the Marxist theorists cant agree with each other because each theorist believes that their theory is correct and go out trying to criticise everyone else. For example, Bowles and Gintis were criticised by Willis stating that their research wasnt in depth enough but he could easily be criticised for only researching 12 boys.

Estimation of Tranexamic Acid Andethamsylate Using RP-HPLC

Estimation of Tranexamic Acid Andethamsylate Using RP-HPLC Chapter-3 Experimental work 3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 2. List of Chemical and standers used S.No Chemicals Manufacturer Name Grade 1 Water Processed in Bright Labs HPLC grade 2 Acetonitrile Fisher scientific HPLC grade 3 Orthophosphoric acid Merck GR grade 4 Tranexamic acid Sun pharma ltd BP 5 Ethamsylate Sun pharma ltd USP 6 KH2PO4 Merck GR grade 7 K2HPO4 Merck GR grade 8 Methanol Merck HPLC grade Table 3. List of instruments used S.No Instrumentname Model Number Soft Ware Manufacturers name 1 HPLC-auto sampler-UV detector ACME9000 Auto crome 3000 Youngline 2 Electronic balance Lab India 3 Sonicator CWUC9L 201402822 Spectrum tek 4 Vacuum Pump 28965405-289717 Vacuubrand 5 0.45 µ filter paper HPLC grade Rankem 3.2. Method development for the simultaneous estimation of Tranexamic acid andethamsylate by using RP-HPLC. Selection of mobile phase Selection of detectionwavelength Selection of column Selection of solvent delivery system Selection of flow rate Selection of column temperature Selection of diluent Selection of test concentration and injection volume 3.2.1. Selection of mobile phase Phosphate Buffer: Methanol (30:70) 3.2.2. Selection of wavelength 10mg Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate were dissolved in mobile phase. The overlay spectrum was used for selection of wavelength for Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate The iso-bestic point was taken as detection wavelength 286nm. 3.2.3. Selection of column Heart of HPLC made of 316 grade stainless steel packed with stationary phase. Silica based columns with different cross linking’s in the increasing order of polarity are as follows: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸- Non-polar-moderately polarPolar-à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   C1886 In reverse phase chromatography, hydrophobic interaction between drug molecule and the alkyl chains on the column packing material. Column is selected based on solubility, polarity chemical differences among analytes and Column selected: i.e. X-Bridge C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm), particle size Reasons: Better separation, Good tailing factor. 3.2.4. Selection of solvent delivery system Always preferable solvent delivery system. More chance of getting reproducible result on retention time of analytes. More economic than gradient technique. 3.2.5. Selection of flow rate Acceptable limit: Not more than 2.5 ml/min Flow rate selected was 1.0ml/min Flow rate is selected based on 1. Retention time 2. Column back pressure 3. Peak symmetry. 4. Separation of impurities. Reasons: For earlier elution of analyte and elution of all impurities within 10 min Information from the reference method in literature. 3.2.6. Selection of diluent Selection of diluents is based on the solubility of the analyte Diluent selected: Phosphate Buffer: Methanol (30:70 % v/v) Reason: Analyte is soluble in acetonitrile and water. 3.2.7. Selection of column temperature Preferable temperature is ambient or room temperature. Reasons: To elute all impurities along with analyte with in 10 min of run time. Less retention time Good peak shape Higher theoretical plates. Good resolution. 3.2.8. Selection of test concentration and injection volume Test concentration is finalized after it is proved that API is completely extractable at the selected test concentration. Test concentration is fixed based upon the response of API peak at selected detector wavelength. Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate label claimed 25mg and 50 mg And the test concentration selected is 100ppm Injection volume selected is 20 µL. Reason: good peak area, retention time, peak symmetry Chromatographic trails for simultaneous estimation Tranexamic acid Ethamsylate TRIAL 1 Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : Kromosil C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 100% of Methanol Ph : 3.0  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 8.0 Column hotness ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 242 Drugs RT (min) : 2.91 4.42 Fig. 4: Trial 1 S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 2.9167 491583 7707.5 1.0833 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 4.4227 1076649 10124.7 1.0124 5.3676 Sum 1568232 Observation: 100% Methanol used for this trial, flow rate was 1ml/min at ambient temperature. Faster elution of the analyte takes place . TRIAL 2 Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : Inertsil C18 (250 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Methanol : water) Ph : 3.5  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 8.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 228 Drugs RT (min) : 2.81 5.34 Fig. 5: Trial 2 S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 2.8167 1272583 4707.5 1.0333 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 5.3467 1952369 9124.7 1.0524 7.1376 Sum 3224952 Observation: Methanol and water was used in the ratio of 70:30. The flow rate was 1ml/min at ambient temperature.Couldn’t get consistent retention time TRIAL 3 Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : Inertsil C18 (250 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Methanol : Phosphate Buffer) Ph : 3.0  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 15.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 236 Drugs RT (min) : 2.86 10.48 Fig. 6: Trial 3 S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 2.8627 407583 2307.5 1.2833 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 10.4802 9792049 9901.7 1.3124 10.2646 Sum 10199632 Observation: Methanol and Phosphate Buffer used in the ratio of (30:70 ) Couldn’t get consistent retention time Discussion: The above trials indicating that RT for the drug was not constant and elution time was faster which not prefered for the analysis. TRAIL 4 Optimizing method Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : X-Bridge C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Phosphate Buffer : Methanol) pH : 3.2  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 8.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 286 Drugs RT (min) : 3.01 5.06 Fig. 7: Developed Chromatogram S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 3.0167 1574827 3707.5 1.0833 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 5.0667 2779277 5124.7 1.0124 8.5376 Sum 4354104 Discussion: All the experiments were complete by the higher than developed method and the consequences were acceptable. Optimized chromatographic conditions for simultaneous estimation of Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate Trail 4: (Optimized Chromatographic Conditions) Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : X-Bridge C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Phosphate Buffer : Methanol) PH : 3.2  ± 0.02 Flow rate : 1.0 Run time (min) : 8.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 286 Drugs RT (min) : 3.01 5.06 Assay procedure Preparation of 0.2M phosphate buffer: Buffer solution prepares by dissolving 2.72g of Potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate (KH2PO4) in 1L of water and the degassing of the solution. Diluents Preparation: 1L of diluents was prepared by mixing 300 ml of 0.02 M Phosphate Buffer and 700 ml of Methanol. Preparation of stock solution: Accurately weighed 10 mg of the both Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate is transferred to 10 ml fresh and dry volumetric flask. The amount was making up to the mark among the Methanol and mixed well. This yielded a stock solution with concentration 1000 ppm of Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate mixture. Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Then compose up the amount up to the mark among the diluents and mix well. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Procedure 20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Lof the standard and sample was injected into the chromatographic system and areas for the Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate from the peaks were used for calculating the % assay by using the formulae. Assay calculation AT WS DT P Avg. Wt Assay % = x -x x -x 100 AS DS WT 100 Label Claim Where: AT = Average area counts of sample preparation. AS = Average area counts of standard preparation. WS=Weight of working standard taken in mg. P= Percentage purity of working standard LC = Label Claim of Tranexamic acid , Ethamsylate mg/ml. 3.4 METHOD VALIDATION 3.4.1 ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION Validation parameters Specificity Linearity Range Accuracy Precision System precision Repeatability Intermediate Precision Detection Limit Quantitation Limit Robustness 1. Specificity The system suitability for specificity was carried out to determine whether there are any interference of any impurities in retention time of analytical peak. The study was performed by injecting blank. 2. Linearity The linearity is a systematic method its ability (within a given range) to get assessment results, which are directly relative to the absorption (amount) of analyte in sample. Preparation of standard stock solution: Accurately weighed 10 mg of the both tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate was transferred in to 10 ml fresh and dry volumetric flask. After that the amount was made up to the mark with the Methanol and mix well. This yielded a stock solution amid attention 1000 ppm of tranexamic acid with Ethamsylate mixture. Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock was transferred to 10 ml clean and dry volumetric flask. Then the volume was made up to the mark with the diluent and mixed well. This yielded a standard stock solution with concentrations of 25ppm and 25ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively10 Procedure: Prepared a series of standard solutions not less than five during the particular concentration range along with investigate them like for each method. Acceptance criteria: The correlation coefficient should be not less than 0.9990 3. Range The range of a systematic process is the gap between the superior and lower concentration of analyte in sample for which it has been established to the investigative practice was a suitable level of accuracy, precision and linearity. Acceptance criteria: Linearity, Precision and Recovery should be shown. The logic behind this parameter was – typical concentration range was essential between which the actual concentration should fall when performing real sample analysis.10 4. Accuracy Preparation of standard stock solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transfer to 10 ml fresh and dried volumetric flask. Make up the volume up to mark with the diluents and mix well. The standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method procedure: Prepared solutions in triplicate at levels 80%, 100% and 120s% of test concentrations using for tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate working Standards as per the test method and injected each solution in triplicate. Sample Are 100 % Recovery = x x 100 Standared Area conc. in % Accuracy normally refers to the difference between the mean of the set of results and the true or correct value for the quantity measured. According to IUPAC accuracy relates to the difference between results (or mean) and the true value. For analytical methods, there are two possible ways of determining the accuracy, absolute method and comparative method. Accuracy is best reported as percentage bias, which is calculated from the expression Procedure: Known amount of drug substance spiked with known amount of standard drug- minimum of three levels (80%, 100% 120% of test concentration), each level was triplicate. Acceptance criteria: Assay recovery should be between 97%-103%.10 5. Precision Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Subsequently make up the volume up to the mark among the diluent and well mixed. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method precision: Six individual preparations were prepared using single batch of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate functioning standard as for each test process and injected each one solutions. Injection precision: Solo preparation was prepared using single batch of Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate effective standard as for each urbanized process in addition to injected six injections10. Acceptance Criteria: 1. RSD should not be more than 2.0% for five replicate injections of standard. 6. Ruggedness Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Subsequently make up the quantity up to the mark among the diluents and well mix. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method Procedure: The standard solution was individually prepared as per the test method and injected each solution in six times using different system, analyst, and date. Acceptance Criteria: Overall RSD should not be more than 2.0 %. 7. Limit detection and limit of quantitation LOD: Lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be detected but not necessarily quanities, under the stated experimental conditions. Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Then build up the quantity up to the mark with the diluents and mix well. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method Procedure: The mobile phase was permissible to run equilibrate with stationary phase up to good baseline was obtained. The different concentration ranging from 0.01 to 0.1ppm of tranexamic acid and 0.01 to 0.1ppm Ethamsylate was injected and peaks were recorded. 0.03 and 0.03ppm for tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate concentrations were detected respectively. LOD can be calculated based on signal-noise ratio,by using following formula LOD = S/N Where, S = Signal Obtained From LOD Solution. N = Average Baseline Noise Obtained from Blank Acceptance criteria for LOD and LOQ RSD Criteria Concentration at which RSD Concentration at which RSD 8. Robustness Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. After that make up the quantity up to the mark with diluent and well mixed. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method procedure: 1. Flow: The standard solution was prepared and injected for the two times with (+1) flow rate. 2. Mobile Phase: The standard solution was prepared and injected for the two times with (+5) Mobile Phase composition. Appraise of its capability to remain unchanged by minute, but conscious variations in process parameters and provides signal of its reliability during its normal usage. Procedure: samples were analyzed under the following conditions.10 3. Stability studies In the rational design and evaluation of dosage forms for the drugs, the stability of the activity components must be a major criterion in determining their stability. The medicine has to reach the patient in an active and acceptable form maintaining the criteria for acceptable equality. The quality of the product has to be retained as long as the product is offered for sale or for administration to the patient. 10 Acceptance Criteria: Overall RSD should not be more than 2.0 %. 9. System suitability Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Subsequently make up the amount up to the mark with diluent and well mixed. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Procedure: Standard solution was prepared and injected six times to test the performance of the chromatographic instrument. Acceptance Criteria: 1. RSD should not be more than 2.0% for five replicate injections of standard 2. USP Tailing for tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate peak in not more than 2.0 3. The column efficiency as determined for tranexamic acid and ethamsylate Plate Count should not be more than 2000. Dept.of Pharmaceutical Analysis JNTUA-OTRI, Ananthapuramu Page 1

The Entertainment Industrys Standards of Beauty and Impact on Youth Es

The Entertainment Industry's Standards of Beauty and Impact on Youth â€Å"Man, I am hungry. But if I eat, I will never be able to look like that celebrity.† These words could come out of a typical teenager’s mouth. If a teenager sees someone on TV, in a movie, or in a magazine that he or she wishes to look like, he or she may try anything necessary to accomplish it. The standards of beauty set by the entertainment industry today are having a negative effect on today’s youth. Have you ever heard of Calista Flockhart, Lara Flynn Boyle, Jennifer Aniston, or Antonio Sabato Jr.? They are all celebrities that the typical teenager idolizes, but these idolizations are not necessarily a good thing. Unfortunately, they are all setting standards of beauty that are not only unrealistic but could prove to be dangerous when trying to be attained. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of eating disorders, steroid use, and plastic surgery among teenagers. The main reason for this trend is that â€Å"the beauty ideal has shifted towards an increasing emphasis on thinness† (Brown). In the article â€Å"Body Obsessed†, Rebecca Barry says that the world is sending out many mixed messages about being a girl (Barry 112). Today, women in the entertainment industry are put into many different roles, but all of the roles have one thing in common. They all tend to be very beautiful and very thin. In fact, while the average body weight of women has increased, the majority of women on TV and in magazines have remained thin (Brown). This makes many people believe that actresses will try anything to lose weight. The most common ways are by either exercising or by trying one of many different kind... ... in any way, shape, or form define who they are as a person. Our main message to our youth should be: â€Å"Self-esteem and confidence must start from within not from our outward appearance† (Brown). Works Cited Barry, Rebecca. â€Å"Body Obsessed.† Seventeen. July 1995: 112. Infotrac. Online. 24 Oct. 1999 Brown, Crystal C. â€Å"Modern Beauty Standards Unrealistic.† The Capitol Times. Vol. 2 No. 21. Online. 03 Nov. 1999. Available: http://www.capitoltimes.com. McClelland, Susan. â€Å"The Lure of the Body Image: In Their Quest for the Beefcake Look, Some Men Try Extreme Measures.† Maclean’s. 22 Feb. 1999: 38. Infotrac. Online. 18 Oct. 1999. Stevens, Liz. â€Å"Today’s Teen Magazines May be Sending Mixed Messages to Girls.† Knight- Ridder/Tribune News Service. 14 July 1999. Infotrac. Online. 2 Nov. 1999.

The Reeves Rebuttal :: essays research papers

The Reeve's Rebuttal The Reeve of Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales I portrayed in the first as â€Å"old and choleric and thin†(605), choleric meaning short-tempered and yellow. All of Chaucer’s descriptions of the pilgrims in his tales give an insight into and very well foreshadow the their tale to come, and the Reeve is of course no exception. His description continues, portraying him with a conservative and resolve appearance, and one of fierce authority. Clever, calculating, and ruthless seem to sum up his personality, an imposing persona in a weakening body. And when it comes his time to tell his tale, he is quick t fight tale to tale with the Miller to embarrass him more so, being a carpenter himself and having the Millers tale just so insultingly decrying another carpenter. His description is immediately true, as his short-temper brings his tale of a hapless and cruel miller’s defeat in order to decry the Miller. In the Reeve’s tale, two scholars visit a cheat of a miller from the local university with corn to grind. These boys eventually turn the tables on the miller, and thus it is no small surprise that the position these boys are in is similar to the Reeve’s career as well. The boys, clever and aware, watch to make sure they wouldn’t get cheated by the miller, so in turn the miller lets loose their horse, delaying their return home and letting the miller keep a cut of the corn. To take back what’s theirs ad have the final insult, one of the boys has his way with the millers daughter, and the other his way with the wife. Though undetermined, this could be a clever complementing of the reeve’s younger life. The story, though complete with a moral of the wicked getting their just rewards, is little more than snipe at the real Miller, having him be beaten, tricked, and dishonored by the younger Reeve’s versions. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales, the Reeve is a ragged older version of the boys later to come in his story.

Automobiles Essay -- Essays Papers Cars Driving Environment

Automobiles The invention of the automobile in the early 20th century has had an adverse affect on our environment. Our society has used technology in order to advance the automobile to make it better and more efficient. The automobile industry knows what sells and they take advantage of that. With this growing technology to advance automobiles also comes flaws. The biggest and most obvious flaw is pollution. Because of pollution, we find ourselves asking the question of whether this technology has helped our society more than it has hurt it. Automobiles are the cause of 60 percent of our air pollution today (Dewees 214). There are four main sources in which pollution comes from an automobile. The first, on a hot day the sun will heat the gas tank of the car, this in turn causes vapors from the gasoline to leak from the fuel tank. Second, when the car is simply running the engine becomes hot and causes the engine and exhaust system to release gasoline vapors. Third, after a car is turned off and parked, gasoline vapors continue to be emitted because the engine is still hot from running. And lastly, when you go to the gas station to refill your gas tank vapors are forced out of the tank into the air. Before we look at some alternative process' to help reduce or eliminate automobile pollution, we should try to understand how this occurs. This form of pollution is a direct result of the combustion process, also known as exhaust, and from fuel being evaporated into the atmosphere. The next step is to get a better understanding of the combustion process. The gasoline that we use to put into our cars are made of a mixture of hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbon atoms. When we put the gasoline into our car, what is supposed ... ...s, an alternative solution needs to be made. We need to stop looking at cost efficiency in this matter and decide what is more important, a healthy world to live in or a cheap way to drive. WORKS CITED "Alternatively Fueled Vehicles." Environmental Health Center. http://www.nsc.org/EHC/mobile/alternat.htm (10 Oct.2000). "Automobile Emissions: An Overview." http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/05-autos.htm (10 Oct.2000). "Car Exhaust-Health Effects." Enviromned. Research. http://www.nutramed.com/environment/carsepa.htm (12 Oct.2000). "City Life: Fixing the Car." Crawford Systems. http://www.carfree.com/lif_fxcar_qz.html (8 Oct.2000) "Exhaustion: A guide to Transportation Emissions." Environment Canada. http://www.ec.gc.ca/emission/l-le.html (14 Oct.2000). "Motor Vehicles and the 1990 Clean Air Act." htpp://www.epa.gov/omswww/11-vehs.htm (15 Oct.2000)

A Worn Path VS A Rose For Emily Essay

In the pages of the short stories, A Worn Path and A Rose For Emily we are able to see a similar side and connection between the two. As we look at the theme, tone, and morals we are able to better grasp the conflict in these two stories, while detecting whether the two protagonists, Miss Emily and Phoenix Jackson are mentally crazy. The main moral in A Worn Path is the love, and life of Phoenix Jackson. The path she travels across interrupts her life. Her love is the love and affection she has for her grandson. If we read the story closer then it may lead us to the conclusion that Phoenix really does not have a Grandson. Phoenix complains to the doctor that her Grandson has had a sore throat for an extremely long time. This may cause the reader to believe that she used to have a Grandson but he became so sick he died. Yet, at the same time Phoenix also shows her intellect by seeing the money fall out of the hunter’s jacket from a far off distance. In A Rose For Emily the main moral is that some people will do anything not to be alone when they feel scared, and afraid of being left again. Miss Emily’s father used to chase away all of her boyfriends or men she had feelings for. She became adapted to this life of only having her father and when he dies then she feels alone and doesn’t want to ever be alone again and she has not the knowledge to maintain her own boyfriend or husband. So she decides to kill her current crush and she keeps him in a locked room until the day she dies. When you compare the two books they have a very similar tone. Though the locations different they still connect through the same tone. Phoenix Jackson is on a trail walking to town to buy some medicine for her Grandson, while Miss Emily is locked up in her house with a dead man. If you were to not focus as much on the location and put your attention to their state of mind then you can see that they are in the same atmosphere. The tone in A Worn Path is for Phoenix to accomplish the task of getting medicine for her grandchild, while the reader can look at the path as the challenges of her life. Miss Emily on the other hand is just looking to not be so alone. They both know that if they set their mind to their goal then they can  accomplish anything they wish to. The theme is slightly different however. Miss Emily and Phoenix both have goals, but in A Worn Path Phoenix’s life is portrayed so much by the path itself. The path in the story tells the life of Phoenix. While Miss Emily is just a woman who sits at home and does not go out in public too often, she just wants to have company. Phoenix on the other hand had her mindset to go to town and socialize while purchasing the medicine. The conflict in A Rose For Emily is the conflict of human vs. human. However the story is told in a third person point of view, which does not gives us any insight to exactly what Emily, was thinking. The same goes for Phoenix, maybe if the story was told in a first person point of view we would know if they are crazy or sane, because we could get into their mind and tell what it is they were thinking. For example, we don’t know what Phoenix was thinking as she walked down the path, fell in the hole, and reached town. For Emily we could tell clearly if she was insane when she killed the man in her house by her thoughts and emotions. The conflict in A Worn Path is the battle between not only human vs. human but also human vs. nature. The battle of human vs. human lives in the mind of Phoenix but we have little insight of that because how the story is told in a third person not her mind. The next is human vs. nature because of the trials Phoenix has on the trail with the bumps, rocks, ditches, hunters, dogs, and etcetera. Therefore in the stories of A Worn Path and A Rose For Emily we see the similarities that linger in the mind of humans and they way they act to the observing eye. There are several things that are the same such as the tone, conflict, and they have relative morals. Yet they have a different theme to make the reader compare and contrast these two books and their differences.

Emotions in Interpersonal Communications Paper Essay

AbstractIn the Human Service field, social parley is between a thickening and homo run professionals. Interpersonal parley is communion that between two people in a relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to treat and define their relationship (Evans, Hearn, Uhlemann & Ivey, 2011). Human usefulness workers use parley to build working(a) relationships with clients. Emotions is an important factor when discussing interpersonal communication within a relationship. Human go must(prenominal)iness connect to clients emotions to get a better arrest of how to assist them. Emotional connection is mentation with the person rather for about them (Listening Essentials 2010). foundingEmotions in interpersonal communication ar important role in construct working relationship with clients. It is important for forgiving service professional to maintaining inwardness touch modality, sign- spoken language(a) behavior and listening to the clients. Human service workers un derstand the importance of maintaining working relationships with clients and avoids emotions that are not appropriate in conversations with them. My cover will explain the shock absorber emotions in interpersonal communication, discuss obstacles an interviewers faces in dealing with clients and emotions and measure clients cultural and opposition it has on the interviewer. The stir emotions in interpersonal communicationsIn the Human service field, emotions deal impact the way homophile service workers imply questions and responses to clients. The piece service worker muckle gain advantages of clients emotions by using empathy. Empathy is listening to the client, sharing and soul their concerns or savorings. Emotionsare the way feel or react to something someone has overlap with using nonverbal communications. Clients emotions reactions shadow construct a invalidating or irrefutable result if a sympathetic service worker can maintain appropriate body language and eye contact. An example of eye contact is looking at the client with your look will encourage he or she to keep talking (Evans, Hearn, Uhlemann & Ivey, 2011). Obstacles an interviewers faces in dealing with clients and emotions Cultures, gender and religious, are ternary obstacles interviewer has to prevail when conducting interviews with clients. The important obstacles that establish more problems for an interviewer are controlling clients emotions.The negative aspect of emotions it can cause clients to close the lines of communication with an interviewer. It can impact the listening skills of the client. If this happen then, the interview must gain control of the situation by changing the way the clients is feeling. It is important that an interviewer track to look out brand-new techniques or skills to bruise obstacles when dealing with clients emotions. One strategy for persuading an soulfulness, therefore, is to pull in to your level of make doledge and expertise wi th consider to the topic (Interpersonal communication, 2012). Assess clients cultural and impact it has on the interviewer communicating plays an important role in back up client in finding solutions to their problems.thither are different cultures, languages, religious and lifestyle, exactly communication can assist human service with meets the needs of wholly clients. in that location are many different cultures in the world, so human service workers have made sure they do look for on clients before engaging in conversations with them. Culturally competent service providers must take into the assessment the full ramble on of factors that influence how any one individual service recipient behaves and communicates (Cultural competency and change 2005). It is important for human services workers to learn more about the different cultures so you can help assist client that are from other cultures in sympathy their needs. If human service workers continue to ready themselves, they will be able to assess clients from other cultures.ConclusionEmotions in interpersonal communication is another form communication that involve a client and human services worker in the human service field. Clients emotions can be negative or positive result depending on if theinterviewer is maintained eye contact, body language and nonverbal communications. In the human service field, the interviewer must know how to gain control of clients emotions by continuing to learn new skills and techniques. Finally, we live in the world where all cultures, genders or religious are different. battalion with different cultural backgrounds dont just communicate other than in many cases they also think differently (Floyd, 2012). We have to learn to give all cultures, religious and genders respect and continue to ask questions and avoid assumptions.ReferenceCultural Competency and Diversity 2005., Beach, M.C., Price, E.G., Gary, T.L., Robinson, K.A., Gozu, A., Palacia, A., Smarth, C., Je nckes, M.W., Feuerstein, C., Bass, E.B., Powe. N, R, & Cooper, L, A. (2005). Cultural competence A systematic review of health alimony provider educational interventions. http//www.getceusnow.com/portal/ appoint/culturalcompetencyanddiversity.htm Evans, D., Hearn, M., Uhlemann, M., Ivey, A. (2012). Essential Interviewing A Programmed Approach to utile Communication. (8th Edition). Floyd, K. (2012). Interpersonal Communication. (2nd Edition). McGraw-Hill Company Listening Essentials, 2010, Films on Demand. Copyright 2012 by Films Media Group. Adapted with permission. https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/ impregnable/aapd/Materials/IP/curriculum/social-sciences/BSHS385/Understanding_Feelings/story.html

Academic Writing on Riders to the Sea Essay

Edmund prat Millington Synge (1871-1909), an Irish pret endwright, wrote Riders to the Sea, one of his first both one-act plays (the otherwise one is The Shadow of the Glen). Riders to the Sea (1904) is Synges dramatic response to the experience of his frequent sojourns in the Aran Islands. Riders to the Sea dramatizes the archetypal struggle of troops against the foreign natural forces and rends mans inevitable frustration in the conflict against predestination which tote ups f each(prenominal) out a tragic effect at the end of the play.This one-act play is a tragedy that portrays a compressed and synthesized skeleton of hopeless struggle of an Aran woman and her helplessness against the share. Ernest A. Boyd (Ameri git novice and author) in The Contemporary Drama of Ireland states that Riders to the Sea, sums up the essence of the constant struggle of the Aran islanders against their relentless enemy, the ocean. The genius in J. M. Synges one-act play Riders to the Se a, Maurya, is an old Aran fisher-woman, whose recognise echoes the Greek word moria, meaning fate.See more than Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essayRiders to the Sea does not tog the mold of classic Greek tragedy, as Aristotle define it, for its central graphic symbol is a peasant, not a person of high estate and she does not bring about her own downf in all. Maurya is thus distinctly diametrical from the classical protagonists such as Oedipus, Agamemnon or Antigone, all of whom atomic number 18 highborn. While classical and Renaissance tragic protagonists undergo suffering owing to their hubris or tragic flaw, Maurya appears to be a passive and helpless dupe in the hands of the destructive sea.In Mauryas case, no profound question seems to be elevated about the complicated relationship between valet pass on and predestination. Yet, she resembles the great traditional protagonists in her marvellous power of endurance and the spiritual transcendence everyplace her suffering. In J. M. Synges play, Riders to the Sea, the audience is confronted with a composition of an Aran mother of eight children living on an island dispatch the western coast of Ireland.When the play opens, we find out that she has lost her husband and five of her six sons to the sea, which is demand for livelihood as means of transport to the mainland and too for participation in the fishing industry. Her two daughters, Cathleen and Nora, are also present. The lone son, Bartley, needs to take the horses to fair(a) across the bay, and Maurya begs him not to leave. But Bartley insists that he will cross the mainland in spite of winds and high seas. unrestrained and aggravated at Bartley for not listening to her pleas, Maurya allows him to go, however, without her blessing.Cathleen and Nora carry their mother to chase Bartley with the food they forgot to convey him and to give him her blessing regardless of her fears. Maurya returns horrified with a fancy she has seen of Michael riding on the horse behind Bartley. When the girls try out her Michaels clothes her only response is that the trustworthy white boards she had bought for his coffin would serve for Bartley instead. Even as she tells, the neighboring women troop in, their voices raised in the keen, that matt Irish chant of grief.Men follow transport the body of Bartley. The play crawls to the end through Mauryas fatalistic submission. Theyre all gone presently and there isnt anything more the sea can do to me. She can sleep now with no worry but that of starvation. In the everlasting encounter between the life-giver and the destroyer, between the mother and the destructive sea, Maurya, at last, ironically, is triumphant. Having lost all her sons, she has been liberated from the everlasting bike of suffering and grief.At this point, she seems to withdraw her sympathy from the partnership of mankind when her disillusionment compels her to state I wont care what way t he sea is when the other women will be keening. The final phase of Mauryas suffering reveals a transition from ruin to a profound tragic transcendence. Like the Sophoclean protagonists, she achieves knowledge and reason out of misery and heroically accepts her tragic mess. tragic wisdom illuminates her mind into the understanding that death is an necessary episode in the universal cycle of life. instead of accusing God, she reconciles to her fate bravely and gracefully and accepts her misery as the sublime will of God. Reconstructing a mazed life into a new existence of assurance and self-sacrifice, she achieves tragic dignity and elevation in the eyeball of the audience.She invokes Gods blessings upon all . may He have mercy on my soul, Nora, and the soul of everyone is left-hand(a) living in the world. Maurya, as portrayed by J. M. Synge in Riders to the Sea, is truly an unforgettable cause who wins our admiration by her unusual power of endurance, by her capacity to wi thstand her misfortunes, and by her dignified behaviour at a time when she has suffered the to the highest degree unspeakable bereavement of her life. Finally, she gives expression to her stoical acceptance of her and fate in the following memorable words No man at all can be living forever, and we must be at rest. Declan Kiberd, an Irish source and scholar in his Synge and the Irish Language (Macmillan capital of the United Kingdom 1979)notes that Synges dramatic language tries to allow the Aran islanders to speak directly for themselves, demonstrating that Mauryas noteworthy words, No man at all. must be satisfied (III, 27), are translated almost directly from a earn to Synge from an Inishmaan friend. Maurya is drawn to be regarded as tragic component in the proper sense of the word. afterwards all we are reading a one-act play in which an elaborated portrayal was not possible.Besides, there is no real conflict either in Mauryas mind or between Maurya and circumstances. S he has just to stick around passive because there is no other extract for her. Tess in Thomas Hardys famous novel Tess of the Durbervilles is a tragic character because she puts up a brave fight against unfortunate circumstances, but nobody can fight against the sea which is the cause of the tragedy in Synges play. The end comes inevitably and this again is traditional. Dunbars Lament for the shapers may stand to embrace them all. So to quote Since for the Death remeid is none,Best is that we for Death dispone, After our death that live may we Timor Mortis conturbat me. The drama by virtue of being a one-act play inescapably limits Synges scope. But, in that limited scope Synge has achieved singular effect of tragic impact. The result is one of the most deeply moving tragedies ever written. W. B. Yeats on Synges conception of style states The first use of Irish dialect, rich, abundant, and correct, for the purpose of creative art was in J. M. Synges Riders to the Sea (Plays in Prose and Verse Written for an Irish Theatre, London Macmillan 1922).